EFFECTS OF A BOUNDARY NODE ON GRAIN-BOUNDARY SLIDING AND INTERGRANULAR FRACTURE IN CU-9at.%Al TRICRYSTALS
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1 I n t r o d u c t i o n E x p e r i m e n t s e m p l o y i n g o r i e n t a t i o n c o n t r o l l e d b i c r y s t a l s h a v e r e v e a l e d d e f o r m a t i o n a n d f r a c t u r e b e h a v i o r o f m a t e r i a l s w i t h s i n g l e b o u n d a r i e s a n d i t s r e l a t i o n t o t h e b o u n d a r y s t r u c t u r e / l 3 / . H o w e v e r , e f f e c t s o f b o u n d a r y n o d e s o n v a r i o u s b o u n d a r y r e l a t e d p h e n o m e n a c a n n o t b e d i s c u s s e d b y t h e b i c r y s t a l e x p e r i m e n t s a n d , t h e r e f o r e , t h e r e s u l t s o b t a i n e d a r e n o t d i r e c t l y a p p l i c a b l e t o u s u a l p o l y c r y s t a l l i n e m a t e r i a l s . T o a d v a n c e t h e k n o w l e d g e o b t a i n e d b y t h e b i c r y s t a l e x p e r i m e n t s , w e t h i n k t h a t t h e e f f e c t s o f t h e b o u n d a r y n o d e s s h o u l d a l s o b e d i s c u s s e d b y t h e s i m i l a r a p p r o a c h . I n t h e p r e s e n t s t u d y , t h e d e f o r m a t i o n a n d f r a c t u r e b e h a v i o r o f o r i e n t a t i o n c o n t r o l l e d t r i c r y s t a l s w i t h b o u n d a r y n o d e s w i l l b e e x a m i n e d . T h i s e n a b l e s u s t o c o m p a r e t h e d i f f e r e n c e o f s l i d i n g b e h a v i o r b e t w e e n g r a i n b o u n d a r i e s w i t h a n d w i t h o u t a b o u n d a r y n o d e a n d c l a r i f y t h e e f f e c t s o f t h e b o u n d a r y n o d e e x p l i c i t l y . 2 E x p e r i m e n t a l T r i c r y s t a l s w i t h s y m m e t r i c < l l O > t i l t b o u n d a r i e s w e r e g r o w n f r o m a C u 9 a t . % A l a l l o y b y t h e B r i d g m a n m e t h o d w i t h < l l O > o r i e n t e d s e e d c r y s t a l s . O r i e n t a t i o n r e l a t i o n s a m o n g t h e c r y s t a l s w e r e c o n t r o l l e d s o t h a t e a c h t r i c r y s t a l w a s c o m p o s e d o f a C 9 1 2 2 1 ) b o u n d a r y a n d t w o C3{ 1111 b o u n d a r i e s . F i g u r e 1 s h o w s t h e o r i e n t a t i o n s o f t h e g r a i n s i n t h e C u 9 a t . % A l t r i c r y s t a l s . A l t h o u g h t h e g r o w n t r i c r y s t a l s h a d d e v i a t i o n s o f t h e t i l t a n g 1 e . s f r o m t h e e x a c t C S L r e l a t i o n s , t h e s e d e v i a t i o n s w e r e s l i g h t a n d l e s s t h a n 3 . 5 x 1 0 * r a d . T h e p l a n e s o f t h e b o u n d a r i e s w e r e m a c r o s c o p i c a l l ~ y s t r a i g h t a n d a l m o s t p a r a l l e l t o I1111 f o r t h e C3 b o u n d a r i e s a n d I 2 2 1 1 f o r t h e C9 b o u n d a r y . T r i c r y s t a l ( T C ) s p e c i m e n s , w i t h a g a g e l e n g t h o f l l m m a n d a c r o s s s e c t i o n a l a rea o f 5mm X 2mm, w e r e s p a r k c u t f r o m t h e t r i c r y s t a l s s o t h a t t h e C9 b o u n d a r y w a s o r i e n t e d ~ r / 4 r a d t o t h e t e n s i l e a x i s , as s h o w n i n F i g . 2 . F o r c o m p a r i s o n , b i c r y s t a l ( B C ) s p e c i m e n s w i t h t h e C9 b o u n d a r i e s w e r e a l s o s p a r k c u t f r o m t h e s a m e t r i c r y s t a l s ( F i g . 2 ) . A f t e r m e c h a n i c a l a n d e l e c t r o l y t i c p o l i s h i n g , t w o se t s o f p a r a l l e l f i d u c i a l l i n e s w e r e s c r i b e d o n t o t h e t o p s u r f a c e s o f t h e s p e c i m e n s t o m a k e s q u a r e g r i d s o f s i z e 100Um. T h e a m o u n t o f g r a i n b o u n d a r y s l i d i n g ( G B S ) w a s m e a s u r e d b y t h e s e f i d u c i a l l i n e s . T h e a c c u r a c y o f t h e s l i d i n g m e a s u r e m e n t w a s e s t i m a t e d t o b e 2Um. T h e c r e e p t e s t s w e r e c a r r i e d o u t i n v a c u u m a t 1 0 7 3 K ( a b o u t 0 . 8 T m , Tm: t h e m e l t i n g p o i n t ) u s i n g a t e s t i n g m a c h i n e e q u i p p e d w i t h a h i g h t e m p e r a t u r e o p t i c a l m i c r o s c o p e . I n s i t u o b s e r v a t i o n t o m e a s u r e t h e a m o u n t o f s l i d i n g w a s m a d e . An a p p l i e d t e n s i l e s t r e s s w a s 6 M P a f o r b o t h s p e c i m e n s a n d t h e t e s t i n g t i m e s w e r e 2 0 h a n d 2 0 0 h f o r S p e c i m e n s BC a n d TC, r e s p e c t i v e l y . Article published online by EDP Sciences and available at http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/jphyscol:1990192 COLLOQUE DE PHYSIQUE 3 R e s u l t s a n d D i s c u s s i o n 3 . 1 . S l i d i n g o f t h e C9 b o u n d a r y GBS o f t h e C9 b o u n d a r y i n S p e c i m e n BC t o o k p l a c e w i t h o u t t h e o v e r a l l m a c r o s c o p i c g r a i n d e f o r m a t i o n . I n t h e case o f S p e c i m e n T C , a l t h o u g h GBS w a s n o t a b l y o b s e r v e d f o r t h e C9 b o u n d a r y , s l i d i n g o f t h e C 3 b o u n d a r i e s c o u l d n o t b e o b s e r v e d . M i g r a t i o n o f t h e C 9 b o u n d a r y a c c o m p a n y i n g t h e s l i d i n g w a s n o t o b s e r v e d b y o p t i c a l m i c r o s c o p y f o r b o t h S p e c i m e n s TC a n d BC. I n p r e l i m i n a r y c r e e p t e s t s o f b i c r y s t a l s w i t h t h e C3 a n d C9 b o u n d a r i e s , we f o u n d t h a t , a l t h o u g h GBS o c c u r r e d a c t i v e l y a t t h e C9 b o u n d a r y , GBS o f t h e C3 b o u n d a r y c o u l d n o t b e o b s e r v e d u n d e r t h e p r e s e n t experiments? c o n d i t i o n s . GBS a c t i v e l y o c c u r s d u r i n g h i g h t e m p e r a t u r e c r e e p a n d d i f f u s i o n a l p r o c e s s e s a r e i n v o l v e d i n t h e m e c h a n i s m / 4 / . I t i s w e l l k n o w n t h a t t h e r a t e o f g r a i n b o u n d a r y d i f f u s i o n d e p e n d s s e n s i t i v e l y o n t h e s t r u c t u r e o f a b o u n d a r y . H e r b e u v a l a n d B i s c o n d i m e a s u r e d g r a i n b o u n d a r y d i f f u s i o n c o e f f i c i e n t s i n v a r i o u s < l l O > t i l t b o u n d a r i e s i n a l u m i n u m a n d f o u n d t h a t t h e g r a i n b o u n d a r y d i f f u s i o n a l o n g a 2 9 { 2 2 1 } b o u n d a r y w a s m u c h f a s t e r t h a n t h a t a l o n g a C 3 { 1 1 1 ) b o u n d a r y / 5 / . O n t h e o t h e r h a n d , i t c a n b e a s s u m e d t h a t t h e r e i s n o s i g n i f i c a n t d i f f e r e n c e i n d i f f u s i o n r a t e s b e t w e e n v o l u m e d i f f u s i o n c l o s e t o t h e C 3 b o u n d a r y a n d t h a t c l o s e t o t h e C9 b o u n d a r y . T h e difference o f t h e s l i d ~ n g b e h a v i o r b e t w e e n t h e C 9 { 2 2 1 } a n d C 3 { 1 1 1 } b o u n d a r i e s i n b i c r y s t a l s p e c i m e n s i s a t t r i b u t a b l e t o t h e d i f f e r e n c e o f t h e g r a i n b o u n d a r y d i f f u s i o n c o e f f i c i e n t s i n e a c h g r a i n b o u n d a r y . T h e d i f f e r e n c e o f t h e s l i d i n g b e h a v i o r b e t w e e n t h e C 9 { 2 2 1 } a n d C 3 { 1 1 1 ) b o u n d a r i e s c a u s e s a c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s i t u a t i o n o f GBS b e h a v i o r I n S p e c i m e n TC: S u p p r e s s i o n e f f e c t s o f t h e b o u n d a r y n o d e o n t h e s l i d i n g o f t h e C9 b o u n d a r y c a n b e c o n s i d e r e d w i t h o u t t h e e f f e c t s o f t h e s l i d i n g o f o t h e r t w o C3 b o u n d a r i e s . T h i s w i l l b e d i s c u s s e d i n t h e f o l l o w i n g s e c t i o n . 3 . 2 . S u p p r e s s i o n o f g r a i n b o u n d a r y s l i d i n g by t h e b o u n d a r y n o d e S l i d i n g o f t h e C9 b o u n d a r y w a s s u p p r e s s e d b y t h e b o u n d a r y n o d e . F i g u r e 3 ( a ) s h o w s t h e a m o u n t o f GBS as a f u n c t i o n o f t h e d i s t a n c e f r o m t h e b o u n d a r y n o d e a l o n g t h e C9 b o u n d a r y u n d e r 6 M P a a t 1 0 7 3 K f o r v a r i o u s t e s t i n g t i m e s . I n t h e v i c i n i t y o f t h e b o u n d a r y n o d e , t h e s l i d i n g d i s p l a c e m e n t r a p i d l y d e c r e a s e s w i t h d e c r e a s i n g d i s t a n c e f r o m t h e b o u n d a r y n o d e . T h e a m o u n t o f GBS o f S p e c i m e n BC u n d e r t h e same e x p e r i m e n t a l c o n d i t i o n s w a s a l s o p l o t t e d i n F i g . 3 ( b ) . I t i s f o u n d t h a t t h e d e c r e a s e i n t h e s l i d i n g d i s p l a c e m e n t i n F i g . 3 ( a ) c l e a r l y r e s u l t s f r o m s u p p r e s s i o n b y t h e b o u n d a r y n o d e . F i g u r e 4 s h o w s t h e c o m p a r i s o n o f t h e maximum a m o u n t o f t h e s l i d i n g o f t h e C9 b o u n d a r y b e t w e e n S p e c i m e n s BC a n d TC u p t o a t e s t i n g t i m e o f 2 0 h a t 1 0 7 3 K u n d e r 6MPa. B o t h S p e c i m e n s BC a n d TC s h o w a c l o s e l y s i m i l a r v a r i a t i o n o f t h e maximum s l i d i n g d i s p l a c e m e n t . M o r e o v e r , a s s h o w n i n F i g . 3 ( a ) , t h e s l i d i n g d i s p l a c e m e n t o f S p e c i m e n TC a t a s h o r t d i s t a n c e , a b o u t l .Omm, a w a y f r o m t h e b o u n d a r y n o d e b e c o m e s a n a l m o s t c o n s t a n t v a l u e . T h e r e f o r e , i t c a n b e s a i d t h a t a t t h e e a r l i e r s t a g e o f d e f o r m a t i o n , i . e . , u p t o a t e s t i n g t i m e o f 2 0 h , t h e b o u n d a r y n o d e 0.f S p e c i m e n TC s u p p r e s s e s t h e s l i d i n g o f t h e C9 b o u n d a r y o n l y i n t h e v i c i n i t y o f t h e b o u n d a r y n o d e . I f t h e s u p p r e s s i o n o f GBS by t h e b o u n d a r y n o d e i s s t r i c t a n d t h e s l i d i n g o f t h e C 9 b o u n d a r y i n S p e c i m e n TC i s a c c o m m o d a t e d o n l y b y e l a s t i c d e f o r m a t i o n o f c r y s t a l s , t h e r e s u l t a n t maximum s l i d i n g d i s p l a c e m e n t i s much l o w e r t h a n i n S p e c i m e n B C / 6 / . T h e p r e s e n t r e s u l t s s h o w t h a t v a r i o u s d e f o r m a t i o n p r o c e s s e s t o a c c o m m o d a t e GBS, s u c h a s p l a s t i c a n d d i f f u s i o n a l f l o w s w i t h i n t h e g r a i n s , o c c u r r e d a c t i v e l y a r o u n d t h e b o u n d a r y n o d e d u r i n g d e f o r m a t i o n . T h e d e g r e e o f t h e s u p p r e s s i o n o f GBS by t h e b o u n d a r y n o d e c h a n g e d w i t h i n c r e a s i n g t h e t e s t i n g t i m e . F i g u r e 5 s h o w s t h e v a r i a t i o n o f n o r m a l i z e d s l i d i n g d i s p l a c e m e n t , u ( x , t ) / U ( t ) , a l o n g t h e C9 b o u n d a r y i n S p e c i m e n TC f o r t e s t i n g t i m e s o f 2 0 h , 6 6 h a n d 2 0 0 h . H e r e , u ( x , t ) i s t h e s l i d i n g d i s p l a c e m e n t a t a d i s t a n c e , X , f r o m t h e b o u n d a r y n o d e a t a t e s t i n g t i m e o f t a n d U ( t ) t h e m a x i m u m s l i d i n g d i s p l a c e m e n t o b s e r v e d a t t h e C9 b o u n d a r y a t t h e s a m e t e s t i n g t ime . A s d e s c r i b e d i n t h e p r e c e e d i n g p a r a g r a p h , t h e r e g i o n n e a r t h e b o u n d a r y n o d e w h e r e t h e s l i d i n g d i s p l a c e m e n t n o t a b l y d e c r e a s e s , t h e s u p p r e s s i o n r e g i o n , w a s n a r r o w , a b o u t l .Omm, f o r t h e t e s t i n g t i m e l e s s t h a n a b o u t 2 0 h . H o w e v e r , t h e s u p p r e s s i o n r e g i o n i n c r e a s e s w i t h i n c r e a s i n g t h e t e s t i n g t i m e , a s s h o w n i n F i g . 5 . A t t h e l a t e r s t a g e o f d e f o r m a t i o n , t h e b o u n d a r y n o d e a f f e c t s t h e a m o u n t o f GBS i n t h e w i d e r a r e a o f t h e C9 b o u n d a r y c o m p a r e d w i t h t h e i n i t i a l s t a g e o f d e f o r m a t i o n . 3.3. F o r m a t i o n o f v o i d s F i g u r e 6 s h o w s s c a n n i n g e l e c t r o n m i c r o g r a p h s o f t h e s u r f a c e o f S p e c i m e n TC d e f o r m e d a t 1 0 7 3 K u n d e r 6MPa f o r 2 0 0 h . T h e s t r e s s a x i s i s v e r t i c a l i n t h e s e m i c r o g r a p h s . C u r v e d f i d u c i a l l i n e s n e a r t h e b o u n d a r y n o d e c l e a r l y s h o w t h a t p l a s t i c f l o w w i t h i n t h e g r a i n s o c c u r r e d a r o u n d t h e b o u n d a r y n o d e . A f t e r a t e s t i n g t i m e o f 2 0 0 h , v o i d s f o r m e d n e a r t h e b o u n d a r y n o d e a r e o b s e r v e d . T h e f o r m a t i o n o f v o i d s o n a b o u n d a r y i s t h e f i r s t s t a g e o f h i g h t e m p e r a t u r e f r a c t u r e . A l a r g e s t r e s s i s r e q u i r e d f o r t h i s p r o c e s s t o o c c u r . T h e l a r g e s t r e s s i s c a u s e d b y t h e s t r e s s c o n c e n t r a t i o n d u e t o t h e s u p p r e s s i o n o f GBS b y a b o u n d a r y n o d e . T h e p r e s e n t s t u d y , u s i n g o r i e n t a t i o n c o n t r o l l e d t r i c r y s t a l s , h a s p r o v i d e d c l e a r e v i d e n c e f o r t h i s p h e n o m e n o n . A c k n o w l e d g m e n t s T h e p r e s e n t r e s e a r c h w a s s u p p o r t e d b y a G r a n t i n A i d f o r S c i e n t i f i c R e s e a r c h f r o m t h e M i n i s t r y o f E d u c a t i o n , S c i e n c e a n d C u l t u r e u n d e r C o n t r a c t 0 1 8 5 0 1 6 4 . T h e a u t h o r s w o u l d l i k e t o t h a n k M e s s r s . H . Somekawa a n d F . T a j i m a f o r t h e i r many h e l p f u l d i s c u s s i o n s .
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